Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Gut microbiota-derived taurolithocholic acid modulates myofiber-type switching via p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling underlying breed differences between Arbor Acres and Taoyuan chickens

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106914

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative analysis of growth performance and pectoral muscle development of postnatal broiler chickens (n = 6). A The sampling time of AA chickens at day 1 after hatching (D1), D7, D14, D21, D28, D42, D56 and TY chickens at D1, D7, D14, D21, D28, D42, D56, D77, D105. B The changes in body weight of AA and TY chickens. C The changes in pectoral muscle weight of AA and TY chickens. D Immunofluorescence staining of myofibers with MYH1A and MYH7B of AA and TY chickens. Scale bars: 20 μm. E Statistical analysis of immunofluorescence staining density values for pectoral muscle fibers in AA and TY chickens. Data were shown as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ⁎⁎ P < 0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Following blocking with 1% BSA, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody MYH1A (1:100, F59, DSHB, USA) and the AF647-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0473, Beyotime), with the primary antibody MYH7B (1:100, S58, DSHB) and the FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0568, Beyotime).

Techniques: Sampling, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Gut microbiota-derived taurolithocholic acid modulates myofiber-type switching via p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling underlying breed differences between Arbor Acres and Taoyuan chickens

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106914

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intestinal microbiota transplantation (IMT) affects the growth and pectoral muscle development of chickens. A IMT experimental design. B The variation of body weight of AA and TY chickens during D1 to D28 (n = 6). C Pectoral muscle weight of AA and TY chickens at D21 and D28 (n = 12). d -E Morphology of the myofibers stained by hematoxylin and eosin and the statistics of muscle fiber diameter (MDia) and muscle fiber density (MDen) at D21( D ) and D28 ( E ). F-G The mRNA expression of MYH1A and MYH7B in the pectoral muscle at D21 ( F ) and D28 ( G ) (n = 6). Data were shown as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ⁎⁎ P < 0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Following blocking with 1% BSA, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody MYH1A (1:100, F59, DSHB, USA) and the AF647-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0473, Beyotime), with the primary antibody MYH7B (1:100, S58, DSHB) and the FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0568, Beyotime).

Techniques: Transplantation Assay, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Gut microbiota-derived taurolithocholic acid modulates myofiber-type switching via p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling underlying breed differences between Arbor Acres and Taoyuan chickens

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106914

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLCA regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and altered myofiber type composition through the p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. A Cell viability of cells treated with different concentrations of TLCA for 24 h (n = 10). B & F The mRNA expression of MYH1A and MYH7B (n = 6). C & G Intracellular enzymatic activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ATP content and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content (n = 6). D & H The mRNA expression of HK1, GPI, PGAM1, PGK1, PYGL, PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM (n = 6). E The protein expression of PGC-1α, p38 MAPK and phosphorylation p38 MAPK (n = 3). I The protein expression of PGC-1α (n = 3). Data were shown as mean ± SD; *Represents significant difference when compared with 0 μM TLCA or CON group, and # represents significant difference when compared with TLCA group. *& # P < 0.05, ⁎⁎ & ## P < 0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ & ### P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Following blocking with 1% BSA, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody MYH1A (1:100, F59, DSHB, USA) and the AF647-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0473, Beyotime), with the primary antibody MYH7B (1:100, S58, DSHB) and the FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0568, Beyotime).

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Gut microbiota-derived taurolithocholic acid modulates myofiber-type switching via p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling underlying breed differences between Arbor Acres and Taoyuan chickens

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106914

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative analysis of growth performance and pectoral muscle development of postnatal broiler chickens (n = 6). A The sampling time of AA chickens at day 1 after hatching (D1), D7, D14, D21, D28, D42, D56 and TY chickens at D1, D7, D14, D21, D28, D42, D56, D77, D105. B The changes in body weight of AA and TY chickens. C The changes in pectoral muscle weight of AA and TY chickens. D Immunofluorescence staining of myofibers with MYH1A and MYH7B of AA and TY chickens. Scale bars: 20 μm. E Statistical analysis of immunofluorescence staining density values for pectoral muscle fibers in AA and TY chickens. Data were shown as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ⁎⁎ P < 0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Following blocking with 1% BSA, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody MYH1A (1:100, F59, DSHB, USA) and the AF647-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0473, Beyotime), with the primary antibody MYH7B (1:100, S58, DSHB) and the FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0568, Beyotime).

Techniques: Sampling, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Gut microbiota-derived taurolithocholic acid modulates myofiber-type switching via p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling underlying breed differences between Arbor Acres and Taoyuan chickens

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106914

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intestinal microbiota transplantation (IMT) affects the growth and pectoral muscle development of chickens. A IMT experimental design. B The variation of body weight of AA and TY chickens during D1 to D28 (n = 6). C Pectoral muscle weight of AA and TY chickens at D21 and D28 (n = 12). d -E Morphology of the myofibers stained by hematoxylin and eosin and the statistics of muscle fiber diameter (MDia) and muscle fiber density (MDen) at D21( D ) and D28 ( E ). F-G The mRNA expression of MYH1A and MYH7B in the pectoral muscle at D21 ( F ) and D28 ( G ) (n = 6). Data were shown as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ⁎⁎ P < 0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Following blocking with 1% BSA, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody MYH1A (1:100, F59, DSHB, USA) and the AF647-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0473, Beyotime), with the primary antibody MYH7B (1:100, S58, DSHB) and the FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0568, Beyotime).

Techniques: Transplantation Assay, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Gut microbiota-derived taurolithocholic acid modulates myofiber-type switching via p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling underlying breed differences between Arbor Acres and Taoyuan chickens

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106914

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLCA regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and altered myofiber type composition through the p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. A Cell viability of cells treated with different concentrations of TLCA for 24 h (n = 10). B & F The mRNA expression of MYH1A and MYH7B (n = 6). C & G Intracellular enzymatic activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ATP content and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content (n = 6). D & H The mRNA expression of HK1, GPI, PGAM1, PGK1, PYGL, PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM (n = 6). E The protein expression of PGC-1α, p38 MAPK and phosphorylation p38 MAPK (n = 3). I The protein expression of PGC-1α (n = 3). Data were shown as mean ± SD; *Represents significant difference when compared with 0 μM TLCA or CON group, and # represents significant difference when compared with TLCA group. *& # P < 0.05, ⁎⁎ & ## P < 0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ & ### P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Following blocking with 1% BSA, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody MYH1A (1:100, F59, DSHB, USA) and the AF647-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0473, Beyotime), with the primary antibody MYH7B (1:100, S58, DSHB) and the FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, A0568, Beyotime).

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Esaxerenone Attenuates Aldosterone-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Suppressing Fibroblast-to-Lymphatic Endothelial-like Cell Transdifferentiation

doi: 10.3390/ijms27104297

Figure Lengend Snippet: Esaxerenone significantly reduces renal fibrosis in aldosterone-infused rats. ( A ) Masson staining, Sirius red staining, and Vimentin/COL-III immunohistochemistry were performed to detect pathological changes and fibrosis in rat kidneys ( n = 6); scale bars, 100 (Masson) and 50 (others). All in µm. ( B ) Western blot was used to determine the protein expression levels of α-SMA and Vimentin in rat kidneys ( n = 6). ( C ) Western blot was employed to measure the protein expression levels of α-SMA and Vimentin in RKFs after aldosterone stimulation ( n = 6). ( D ) Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were detected for renal function evaluation ( n = 3). All data are presented as mean ± SD, and one-way ANOVA was used to examine intergroup differences (* p < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # p < 0.05 vs. ALD group).

Article Snippet: The RKFs were divided into six groups: the CON group, the ALD group (stimulated with 10 −7 mol/L aldosterone for 24 h), the ALD + ESA group (pretreated with 10 −6 mol/L esaxerenone 2 h prior to aldosterone treatment), VEGFC group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY- P74474 , 100 ng/mL), ALD+ VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-P7025, 20 ng/mL; stimulation for 48 h), and VEGFC + VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-132305, 20 ng/mL) and stimulated for 24 h.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Esaxerenone Attenuates Aldosterone-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Suppressing Fibroblast-to-Lymphatic Endothelial-like Cell Transdifferentiation

doi: 10.3390/ijms27104297

Figure Lengend Snippet: Esaxerenone attenuated the transdifferentiation of renal fibroblasts into lymphatic endothelial-like cells in aldosterone-infused rats. ( A ) Immunohistochemistry staining using antibodies against LYVE-1, PDPN, VEGFR-3 and FSP-1 to examine transdifferentiation of renal fibroblasts into lymphatic endothelial-like cells in the rat kidneys ( n = 6); scale bars, 50 μm. The correlation of FSP-1 expression with the positive expressions of LYVE-1, PDPN, and VEGFR-3 was evaluated. ( B ) Western blot was employed to examine the protein levels of LYVE-1, PDPN, VEGFR-3, and FSP-1 in the rat kidneys, followed by quantitative analysis ( n = 6). ( C ) Western blot was performed to determine the protein expressions of LYVE-1 and VEGFR-3 in RKFs after aldosterone stimulation, with subsequent quantitative analysis ( n = 6). ( D ) The expressions of FSP-1 and VEGFR-3 in the kidney were analyzed by flow cytometry. First, all fibroblasts in the rat kidney were identified, and Q1 represents the proportion of fibroblasts that transdifferentiated into lymphatic endothelial-like cells among the non-immune cells ( n = 3). All data are presented as mean ± SD, and one-way ANOVA was used to examine intergroup differences (* p < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # p < 0.05 vs. ALD group).

Article Snippet: The RKFs were divided into six groups: the CON group, the ALD group (stimulated with 10 −7 mol/L aldosterone for 24 h), the ALD + ESA group (pretreated with 10 −6 mol/L esaxerenone 2 h prior to aldosterone treatment), VEGFC group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY- P74474 , 100 ng/mL), ALD+ VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-P7025, 20 ng/mL; stimulation for 48 h), and VEGFC + VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-132305, 20 ng/mL) and stimulated for 24 h.

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Esaxerenone Attenuates Aldosterone-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Suppressing Fibroblast-to-Lymphatic Endothelial-like Cell Transdifferentiation

doi: 10.3390/ijms27104297

Figure Lengend Snippet: MR activation and inflammatory factors changes in aldosterone-infused rats. ( A ) Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of NR3C2, IL-1β, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGFC in rat kidneys ( n = 6); scale bars, 50 μm. ( B ) Western blot was performed to determine the protein expression levels of NR3C2, IL-1β, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGFC in rat kidneys ( n = 6); ( C ) Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of NR3C2 and VEGFC in RKFs after aldosterone stimulation ( n = 6); ( D ) Serum aldosterone detection ( n = 3). All data are presented as mean ± SD, and one-way ANOVA was used to examine intergroup differences (* p < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # p < 0.05 vs. ALD group).

Article Snippet: The RKFs were divided into six groups: the CON group, the ALD group (stimulated with 10 −7 mol/L aldosterone for 24 h), the ALD + ESA group (pretreated with 10 −6 mol/L esaxerenone 2 h prior to aldosterone treatment), VEGFC group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY- P74474 , 100 ng/mL), ALD+ VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-P7025, 20 ng/mL; stimulation for 48 h), and VEGFC + VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-132305, 20 ng/mL) and stimulated for 24 h.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Esaxerenone Attenuates Aldosterone-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Suppressing Fibroblast-to-Lymphatic Endothelial-like Cell Transdifferentiation

doi: 10.3390/ijms27104297

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of esaxerenone on RKF migration and tube formation in vitro. ( A ) RKF migration assay ( n = 3); scale bars, 100 μm. ( B ) RKFs possess a certain migratory capacity in vitro and are able to form three-dimensional tubular structures. The tubular formation was observed and photographed at 0 h, 2 h and 4 h, and qualitative analysis of the network tube length was performed ( n = 3); scale bars, 100 μm. All data are presented as mean ± SD, and one-way ANOVA was used to examine intergroup differences (* p < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # p < 0.05 vs. ALD group).

Article Snippet: The RKFs were divided into six groups: the CON group, the ALD group (stimulated with 10 −7 mol/L aldosterone for 24 h), the ALD + ESA group (pretreated with 10 −6 mol/L esaxerenone 2 h prior to aldosterone treatment), VEGFC group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY- P74474 , 100 ng/mL), ALD+ VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-P7025, 20 ng/mL; stimulation for 48 h), and VEGFC + VEGFR-3-IN-1 group (MCE, Shanghai, China; Cat#: HY-132305, 20 ng/mL) and stimulated for 24 h.

Techniques: Migration, In Vitro